What are common signs of dehydration in patients?

The presence of dry mucous membranes and confusion are indeed common signs of dehydration in patients. When the body lacks sufficient fluids, it often results in dryness of the mucous membranes, particularly in the mouth and throat. This dryness occurs because there is not enough water to keep these tissues hydrated.

Confusion is another significant sign of dehydration, particularly in the elderly or those with underlying health conditions. As the body becomes dehydrated, it can impact cognitive function, leading to confusion or changes in mental status. The brain is highly dependent on adequate hydration for proper functioning, so a lack of fluids can cause disturbances in orientation and awareness.

In contrast, the other options present signs that do not typically align with dehydration. High energy levels and a bright complexion, for example, are generally indicators of good hydration, while increased appetite and frequent urination can sometimes suggest that the body is well-hydrated or even over-hydrated. Swollen extremities and a low heart rate can indicate various medical conditions but are not characteristic signs of dehydration. Thus, understanding the signs and symptoms associated with dehydration is crucial for effective patient care.