Which of the following are psychological signs of distress in patients?

Psychological signs of distress in patients often manifest through emotional and behavioral changes. Anxiety can indicate a patient's apprehension or worry about their health or circumstances, which is a common reaction in stressful situations. Withdrawal suggests that a patient may be isolating themselves, either emotionally or physically, as a response to feeling overwhelmed. Mood changes are also crucial signs, as they can reflect a shift in a person’s mental state, presenting as irritability or sadness. Agitation represents restlessness or unease, which can further indicate underlying psychological distress. These signs are important for caregivers to recognize because they offer insight into the emotional state of the patient, informing how to provide support and appropriate interventions.

The other options reflect various physical or emotional states that do not primarily signify psychological distress. Fatigue and excessive sleep might suggest physical ailments or natural responses to stress, but they do not specifically denote psychological distress. Similarly, physical discomfort and feelings of joy are not indicative of distress; instead, they can indicate a patient’s overall state, which may be content or comfortable. Confidence, motivation, enjoyment, and sociability are generally positive signs and suggest well-being rather than distress.